5

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Summary

Factorization

The number 5 is a prime number.

Properties and families

Property or family	Parameter values	First few numbers	Proof of satisfaction/membership/containment
prime number	it is the third prime number	2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, [SHOW MORE] 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271 View list on OEIS	divide and check
Fermat number	, i.e.,	3, 5, 17, 257, 65537, 4294967297 View list on OEIS	plug and check
Fermat prime (Fermat number that is also a prime number)			combine above
Proth prime: prime of the form with		3, 5, 13, 17, 41, 97, 113, [SHOW MORE] 193, 241, 257, 353, 449, 577, 641, 673, 769, 929, 1153, 1217, 1409, 1601, 2113, 2689, 2753, 3137, 3329, 3457, 4481, 4993, 6529, 7297, 7681, 7937, 9473, 9601, 9857, 10369, 10753, 11393, 11777, 12161, 12289, 13313 View list on OEIS
safe prime (prime of the form , prime)	first safe prime	5, 7, 11, 23, 47, 59, 83, 107, 167, [SHOW MORE] 179, 227, 263, 347, 359, 383, 467, 479, 503, 563, 587, 719, 839, 863, 887, 983, 1019, 1187, 1283, 1307, 1319, 1367, 1439, 1487, 1523, 1619, 1823, 1907, 2027, 2039, 2063, 2099, 2207, 2447, 2459, 2579, 2819, 2879, 2903 View list on OEIS	, 2 is prime
Sophie Germain prime (prime such that is prime	third Sophie Germain prime	2, 3, 5, 11, 23, 29, 41, 53, 83, 89, [SHOW MORE] 113, 131, 173, 179, 191, 233, 239, 251, 281, 293, 359, 419, 431, 443, 491, 509, 593, 641, 653, 659, 683, 719, 743, 761, 809, 911, 953, 1013, 1019, 1031, 1049, 1103, 1223, 1229, 1289, 1409, 1439, 1451, 1481, 1499, 1511, 1559 View list on OEIS	, 11 is prime
regular prime	second regular prime (2 is neither regular nor irregular)	3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 41, 43, 47, 53, 61, [SHOW MORE] 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 107, 109, 113, 127, 137, 139, 151, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 239, 241, 251, 269, 277, 281, 313, 317, 331, 337, 349, 359, 367, 373, 383, 397, 419, 431 View list on OEIS
twin primes (greater member of pair)	first greater member of twin prime pair	5, 7, 13, 19, 31, 43, 61, 73, 103, [SHOW MORE] 109, 139, 151, 181, 193, 199, 229, 241, 271, 283, 313, 349, 421, 433, 463, 523, 571, 601, 619, 643, 661, 811, 823, 829, 859, 883, 1021, 1033, 1051, 1063, 1093, 1153, 1231, 1279, 1291, 1303, 1321, 1429, 1453, 1483, 1489, 1609 View list on OEIS	5 - 2 = 3 is a prime
twin primes (lesser member of pair)	second lesser member of twin prime pair	3, 5, 11, 17, 29, 41, 59, 71, 101, [SHOW MORE] 107, 137, 149, 179, 191, 197, 227, 239, 269, 281, 311, 347, 419, 431, 461, 521, 569, 599, 617, 641, 659, 809, 821, 827, 857, 881, 1019, 1031, 1049, 1061, 1091, 1151, 1229, 1277, 1289, 1301, 1319, 1427, 1451, 1481, 1487, 1607 View list on OEIS	5 + 2 = 7 is a prime
near-square prime of the form	(second prime of this form)	2, 5, 17, 37, 101, 197, 257, [SHOW MORE] 401, 577, 677, 1297, 1601, 2917, 3137, 4357, 5477, 7057, 8101, 8837, 12101, 13457, 14401, 15377, 15877, 16901, 17957, 21317, 22501, 24337, 25601, 28901, 30977, 32401, 33857, 41617, 42437, 44101, 50177 View list on OEIS

Structure of integers mod 5

Discrete logarithm

2 is a primitive root mod 5, so we can take it as the base of the discrete logarithm. We thus get an explicit bijection from the additive group of integers mod 4 to the multiplicative group of nonzero congruence classes mod 5, given by . The inverse of that mapping is the discrete logarithm, i.e., the discrete logarithm of is means :

Congruence class mod 5 (written as smallest positive integer)	Congruence class mod 5 (written as smallest magnitude integer)	Discrete logarithm to base 2, written as integer mod 4	Is it a primitive root mod 5 (if and only if the discrete log is relatively prime to 4)?	Is it s quadratic residue or nonresidue mod 5 (residue if discrete log is even, nonresidue if odd)
1	1	0	No	quadratic residue
2	2	1	Yes	quadratic nonresidue
3	-2	3	Yes	quadratic nonresidue
4	-1	2	No	quadratic residue

We could choose an alternative discrete logarithm, where we use 3 as the base. This is simply the negative of the original discrete logarithm:

Congruence class mod 5 (written as smallest positive integer)	Congruence class mod 5 (written as smallest magnitude integer)	Discrete logarithm to base 3, written as integer mod 4	Is it a primitive root mod 5 (if and only if the discrete log is relatively prime to 4)?	Is it s quadratic residue or nonresidue mod 5 (residue if discrete log is even, nonresidue if odd)
1	1	0	No	quadratic residue
2	2	3	Yes	quadratic nonresidue
3	-2	1	Yes	quadratic nonresidue
4	-1	2	No	quadratic residue

Primitive roots

The number of primitive roots equals the number of generators of the additive group of integers modulo 4, which is the Euler totient function of 4, namely 2. Given any primitive root , the primitive roots are precisely and .

The explicit list of primitive roots is 2 and 3.

We note the following:

• The fact that 2 is a primitive root can be deduced from the fact that safe prime has plus or minus two as a primitive root, along with the fact that 5 is congruent to 5 mod 8.
• The fact that 3 is a primitive root follows from the fact that Fermat prime greater than three implies three is primitive root.

Quadratic residues and nonresidues

Of the four congruence classes of invertible elements, there are two classes of quadratic residues and two classes of quadratic nonresidues. Given an primitive root , the quadratic residues are 1 and and the quadratic nonresidues are and . Note that it's on account of 5 being a Fermat prime that every quadratic nonresidue is a primitive root. See quadratic nonresidue equals primitive root for Fermat prime.

Explicitly, the quadratic residues are 1 and 4. The quadratic nonresidues are 2 and 3.